- ADHD is observed highly heritable, meaning it tends to be passed down through families.
- Specific genes connected to ADHD have been identified, but no single gene or mixture has been pinpointed as the sole cause.
- Studies on twins show a higher concordance rate in identical twins, implying a strong genetic influence.
Environmental Factors:
- Prenatal factors: Exposure to toxins like alcohol, tobacco, or lead during pregnancy can grow the risk of ADHD.
- Prematurity and low birth weight: These factors are also related to an increased risk of developing ADHD.
- Brain injuries: Significant head injuries can sometimes cause ADHD in individuals.
- Other factors: Researchers continue to discover the role of various environmental factors, including nutrition and social environments.
Brain Structure and Function:
- People with ADHD have differences in brain anatomy and function compared to those without the condition.
- Studies show reduced gray and white matter volume in certain brain regions, as well as different brain activity patterns during specific tasks.
- The frontal lobes, caudate nucleus, and cerebellar vermis are particularly affected in ADHD.
Other Contributing Factors:
- Lack of sleep: Sleep shortage can boost ADHD symptoms, especially in adults.
- Anxiety and depression: Co-occurring mental health conditions can exacerbate ADHD symptoms.
- Stimulant medication: Some individuals may experience worsened symptoms because of stimulant medication.
In summary, ADHD is a result of a mixture of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, with brain differences playing a vital role in its development and manifestation.
